Michelson-Morley Experiment


The project, called the Michelson-Morley experiment, was repeated in 1881 by a series of studies conducted by Albert Michelson and later by chemist Edward Morley in 1887. Even though the result is negative, the results showed that the light showed strange wave-like behaviors.

Before Test

At first glance, the experiment seemed to be about measuring the speed of light. However, this was a very important experiment. The thought of the end of light speed was in Descartes and Newton's material light theories. The two thinkers thought that the light was a particle stream. The proof of the fact that the light had a definite speed was actually based on astronomical observations. Olaus Romer realized that during the time between Jupiter and Earth's approach and departure, the period between the eclipse periods of this planet's planets changed. A simple explanation of this effect was that if the speed of light is constant and it is the end, as the planets approach each other, the light reaches the Earth in a shorter time, and as it goes away from each other, it gets longer. These observations were made in 1675.
Ideally, the speed of light should be measured in a laboratory that will be installed on the distant, globally distant obstacles that would raise suspicions about the outcome. In 1849 HL Fizeau had no reliable method to resort to until he developed a simple, ingenious method. The results were consistent with the velocity calculations based on Roemer's observations.
What was the light? Descartes and Newton's particle theory left the place in wave theory over time. In the universal environment of the light, it was thought to be a cross-functioning vibration like a captive (ether). If you were impure, the whole universe was thought to be the background of the sadness and movement. To understand this relationship and the relationship between Newton's mechanical universe, we must pay attention to a feature of his famous laws. These laws have an important mathematical feature called the Galileo invariant. In short, this means: Newton's laws of motion are the same for all objects; Regardless of their relative speed, regardless of their speed relative to the fixed rate, these laws are valid for all objects. So there is no mechanical way to detect a cismin absolute motion.
If Newton's Laws are always the same regardless of the relative motion of their systems, we can not know whether any of our systems, our galaxy, are really stationary. But if the light stems from the vibrations that emanate from stationary prisoners, then this prisoner can be thought of as a stable ground that allows any kind of movement to be measured.

Experiment

Let's say that a wave of light emanates from a moving source, and there is a detector on the direction of motion of the source. If the light wave is transmitted by the stationary captive, whatever the velocity of the source or the detector, the speed of the light will not change, it will be fixed with respect to the sparrow. But that does not mean that the speed of light is constant with respect to the speed of the source or detector. Now, let us imagine the light falling into a sensor standing perpendicular to the direction of motion of the light source. The distance between the light source and the detector is the same in both examples. Now we can show these two examples in the following diagram. If both the light sources and the detectors are tightly connected to the frames, if both light waves are in captivity and move at the same constant speed with respect to it, the arrival time of the first light wave to the first sensor, will be longer than the arrival time of the second surgeon to the second sensor. As the light wave moves at a constant speed, the first detector has to move forward. The first distance, ie the rod holding the light source and the first sensor in the same direction, extends from the second distance, the rod which holds the second sensor perpendicular to the light source.
The arrangement that Michelson and Morley designed was much more detailed than the one shown in the diagram. It was very detailed; because they had to equip it with the precision tools that can detect the difference of the speed of light in two directions. With the method they have developed for this, they would also be able to reflect the light sent from the source back to the source, and the factors that interfere with the break.
Theoretically, the speed of the light traveling in the two directions given in the example should be different. But how could such a small difference be measured? Here the number Michelson and Morley thought was to make use of light bulbs or fringes. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the light is somewhat similar to wave motion. If we visualize the waveform in our imagination, we can think of determining the oscillations of the parasite when it overlaps two waves. If A and B coincide in the First Case, they will be amplified and degraded will have an expansion effect. But in the Second Case, the elevations and lowerings lead to each other, that is, the light is dark. Let's say that A and B are spreading from the same source, but they are accessing where they started to unite in different ways. If the paths A and B are far from each other by exactly one wavelength, the First State; If we are halfway away from each other, we get the Second Situation. But let's say we started the movement in the First Case. Now, let's imagine that we left A road a little way behind B road. In this case, the amplifiers of B will arrive before the amplification of A. The highest point of overlapping elevations can now be shifted slightly to the left. With this shift, an observer can tell whether the length of the path has changed.
White light is a mixture of lights of different wavelengths. The difference in wave length creates colors (the human eye can not, of course, perceive them). Due to the intermingling of waves, when the parasite effects are studied by working on the white light, the bright peaks of a complete mixture of waves surround the colored fringes. The point where Michel-Morley's experience was, was to be able to detect the slip on that eagle.
For the first time in 1881, Michelson had attempted to determine the movement of the locust that was moving in captivity. However, he did not care about "the movement of the earth, which travels through the prisoner in the direction of a beam of light falling in a direction perpendicular to this movement". This experiment was done in 1887 with Morley.
Your base is thought to have moved with the world circulating in captivity. A simple mathematical analysis will show that the differences between the lengths of the light paths observed in two orthogonal directions should be Dv2 / c2. In the form, D is the length of the arm of the base, v is the speed of the moving globe, and c is the speed of light. As Michelson and Morley pointed out, "only the orbital movement of the earth was considered. If we know very little about this movement combined with the action of the solar system, the result will have to be passed on; If it is too small during observations, it is possible that a difference has been found. The experiment will be repeated every three months, so any suspicion will be eliminated.
If the assembly is rotated 90 degrees, the difference will again be Dv2 / c2. But the total distance is now Dv2 / c2 x 2, since the long-reaching arm determines the short path this time. The effect of Michelson and Morley on a gauge used here is that the parasitic fringes produced by the coincidence of the light beams must shift from their relative positions observed in the actual case to 0.04 of the oscillating distance.
The physics principles used in the experiment were very simple, and observations were not difficult. While the testers developed the schemes, they revealed all their skills to eliminate the sources of error as much as possible. There were two big problems in front of him. The vibrations deviating from the direction could irritate the optic part of the base and prevent the oscillations from being seen clearly. The shortness of the paths of the light beams meant that the effect would be small and it would be difficult to pinpoint. Both difficulties were overtaken in the final arrangement.
Michelson and Morley understand that they will get much clearer optical effects if they slowly gently turn the entire assembly in the mercury bathtub instead of waiting for the assembly to settle in the second position. When the ground was slowly turned, they could examine the oscillations. They were observing two series each day, one at noon and the other at about six in the evening. They hoped that this would diminish the effects of changes in weather conditions. During observations during the afternoon hours, the floor was turned in the direction of the clock, unlike the clock in the evening.
If the diagram showing the basic structure of the experiment comes into being, we can see that the light wave on the two arms of the apparatus has not been able to detect a difference in the length of the path, but a great blow to the thought that sees it as a fixed background (the earth's true motion is measured against this background).
But how should the end result be explained? Maybe it was possible to make some changes that would make up for it. Your knee was thought to be rigid. Then did not the First Instructor's way of setting your squeeze by the prisoner? This could have relieved Michelson and Morley's failure in any of the oscillations. This was Lorentz's solution and was referred to as the "Fitzgerald-Lorentz" solution for two people who were found. A far more radical explanation was the abandonment of the universe fiction which was considered when the experiment was designed, especially the fiction that supported the prisoner's thought. If there were no prisoners, it was unnecessary to wait for results. But the end result is that we can accept it. If the speed of light was the same, not only the imaginary prisoner, but comparable to what we could, we could not have a positive result.
Source: poxox.com learn
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