Black Mosses


Black algae are relatively small plants that live in damp places in the dark, such as damp rocky, forest grounds, marshes and wetlands, and on the edges of rivers and pools. Some species can survive in arid periods by becoming sleeping and stopping their growth. They must be absolutely addictive to a moist environment, especially in these plants, there are swallowed sperm cells that need to swim in the egg cells of the arctegonium.

In most cases, well-developed transmission fabrics and therefore fluids do not have internally long-distance carrying capabilities. The absence of secondary thickened walls, which serve as main support elements in the transmission plants, probably also limits the size of the mosses.
Some botanists think that the black moss is rooted in filamentous green algae. Indeed, a very young moss plant, called protonema, is often a filamentous green area. As the plant grows, protonema forms some branches (rizoids) that enter the soil and connect the plant to the soil, absorb water and nutrients and work like roots. Other branches form shoots and shoots on the ground. Among the larger and more complex algae, gametophyte (multicellular haploid) is a pronounced tendency involving the extension of sporophyte (multicellular diployit) by reducing the universe. For example, in brown algae the sporophyte stage is at least equal in length to the phylogenetically older gametophyte, sometimes even longer than that. A similar tendency is observed in the life cycle of transmissible plants. But this tendency is not clear in the marshy where haploid gemetophyte clearly shows dominance.

"Leafy" green moss or cucumber plant is gametophyte. These plants have antheridium and arganegonium. In these structures, gametes are formed by mitosis (stage 3). Whiskey male gametes, that is, sperm, are released from antheridium and then float in a water film like rain and dew. They reach the archaeon by chemical attractors and fertilize the egg cell to form zygotes (stage 4). Then, each zygote is divided by mitosis to form a diloplitic sporophyte (stage 5).

In a leafy moss, sporophyte consists of three parts and is relatively simple: a "leafy" green gametophyte is a buried foot, a capsule and a capsule or sporangium at the end. Sporophyte cells with chloroplasts are less photosynthetic. They also receive parasitic nutrients from the gametophyte they are attached to. Sporophyta consists of haploid spores with meiosis in the mature capsule. They then become free (stage 1). Surrounded by a very specialized wall that is extremely durable against shattering, these sports hang for a long time on inconvenient conditions. These spores, when germinated, produce protonemia, resulting in advanced gametophyte plants (stage 2). Thus, the life cycle is completed.

Some lungworm gametophyte plants resemble black algae. However, in these, the "leaves" are less and the bodies are creepy.

The other gonads grow in the form of green flat structures extending on the substrate. In some species, anteridium and arcueconium are removed from the receptacles. The receptaculum is located on the stem rising from the flat part of the plant. In other species there are no stem and receptacles (sometimes only stalk); the reproductive organs are buried in the upper part of the creeping "leaf". Except for the simplicity of sporophyte, this type of life cycle is very similar to that of leafy marshmallows. Asexual reproduction occurs sometimes when specific cells called gemma are produced. Gemmalar are flat-like structures on the surface of flat gametophyte. The Gemmalar can develop into a new gametophyte after the main detachment.

Source: poxox.com learn
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